Dunolly life
Acknowledgements
and
Sources
Thank you to Leigh McKinnon, Research Officer at the Golden Dragon Museum in Bendigo,
for providing me with full on-site access to their records, objects, and primary documents
relating to the Wong Ying family.
Their related family sources and objects are built from the generosity of the late
Edna Brownbill (née Scarff), Wong Ying's granddaughter.
This project is dedicated to the memory of my Nan, Audrey Mullins (née Harrop).
Primary Sources
Books and pamphlets
Humanity [pseud.]. Sketches of Chinese character, illustrative of their moral and physical effect on the rising generation of Victoria. Castlemaine: F. Y. Benham, 1878. http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-406293758.
Meng, Lowe Kong, Cheok Hong Cheong, and Louis Ah Mouy, eds. The Chinese Question in Australia, 1878-79. Melbourne: F. F. Bailliere, 1879. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/246270.
Nixon, Francis H. The China Puzzle Adjusted: A Letter on the Subject of Chinese Legislation in Victoria. Beechworth: James Ingram, Camp-Street, 1857. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/246416.
Patterson, J. A. The Gold Fields of Victoria in 1862. Melbourne: Wilson & Mackinnon, 1862. http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30122169.
Sands, John and Dugald McDougall, eds. Melbourne Directory 1892. Melbourne: Sands and McDougall, 1892. Accessed online at the Ancestry.com.au database, August 7, 2021.
Sands, John and Dugald McDougall, eds. Melbourne Directory 1893. Melbourne: Sands and McDougall, 1893. Accessed online at the Ancestry.com.au database, August 7, 2021.
Manuscript and archival collections
Brownbill, Edna. Handwritten notes. n.d. Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Brownbill, Edna and Leigh McKinnon. Handwritten notes. n.d. Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Export Receipt – Ship “Somerset” from Victoria. December 24, 1875. Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Wong Ying Family Tree. n.d. Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Newspaper Articles
Advertiser. “Walk back in time at The Terminus.” August 9, 1989. Accessed in Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Age. “Riverina News.” April 5, 1911. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/196194884.
Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. “Strange Affair at Dunolly.” April 18, 1884. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/254370929.
Argus. “Licence Transfers.” June 22, 1938. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11165292.
Argus. “Stations for the Year.” January 28, 1887. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11587973.
Avoca Mail. General News. May 23, 1884. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/201529925.
Ballarat Courier. “Dunolly Antimony Company, Dunolly.” February 1, 1870. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/191562609.
Ballarat Courier. General News. June 15, 1870. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/191567670.
Ballarat Star. “News and Notes.” August 13, 1884. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article201117167.
Bendigo Advertiser. “Dunolly.” April 15, 1884. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/88998216.
Bendigo Advertiser. “Dunolly.” June 28, 1884. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article89001215.
Dunolly and Betbetshire Express. “Death of Mr Wong Ying.” January 21, 1919. Accessed in Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Dunolly and Betbetshire Express. Obituary. September 7, 1917. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article152641146.
Maryborough and Dunolly Advertiser. “Advertising: William Harrop, Bootmaker,” August 22, 1864.
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/253533903.
Prahran Chronicle. “Mr J. Harrop.” September 22, 1917. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88463656.
“Trade Veteran.” Newspaper article, unknown source. 1938. Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Weekly Times (Melbourne). “Dunolly Fruit-preserving Company.” February 14, 1885. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article220543771.
Weekly Times (Melbourne). “Family Notices.” September 4, 1886. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/220479836.
Official government documents and records
Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Conditions of the Goldfields. Parliamentary Paper No. 76: Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Condition of the Gold Fields of Victoria 1854-55. Melbourne: John Ferres, Government Printer, 1855. https://vgls.sdp.sirsidynix.net.au/client/search/asset/1286493.
Cheong, Cheok Hong. “Letter to the Hon. James Munro, Premier of Victoria.” June 21, 1891. Quoted in Welch, Ian H. “Alien Son: The Life and Times of Cheok Hong Cheong, (Zhang Zhuoxiong) 1851-1928.” PhD diss., Australian National University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49261.
Chief Secretary’s Office, Victoria. Certificate of Naturalisation No. 1618 – Ah Ying. May 15, 1882. Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Chief Secretary’s Office, Victoria. Memorial for Letters of Naturalisation – Ah Ying. March 14, 1882. Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Collector of Customs, Melbourne [Victoria]. Application for Certificate Exempting from Dictation Test (CEDT), Statutory Declaration. 1916. Family File 28: William Wong Ying. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Mines Department. Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars: Quarter ending 30th September, 1869 - Dunolly and Tarnagulla Divisions. W. G. Couchman. Melbourne: John Ferres, Government Printer, 1869. https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/papers/govpub/VPARL1869No74.pdf.
Mines Department. Reports of the Mining Surveyors and Registrars: Quarter ending 30th September, 1879 - Dunolly and Tarnagulla Divisions. W. G. Couchman. Melbourne: John Ferres, Government Printer, 1879. https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/papers/govpub/VPARL1879-80No83.pdf.
Public Record Office Victoria, VA 606 Department of Trade and Customs, VPRS 947/P0000, p. 120, Inward Overseas Passenger Lists, Arrival of Daniel, Betty, and Job Harrop, and Job Lees on ship “Shalimar,” June - September, 1856, https://prov.vic.gov.au/archive/3AFF8885-F96C-11E9-AE98-4994E0429BCA/content?image=120#.
Public Record Office Victoria, VA 2624 Master in Equity, Supreme Court (also known as Master in Equity and Lunacy 1867-1923), VPRS 28/P0002, 22/334 Probate and Administration Files, Daniel Harrop: Grant of administration, August 11, 1881, https://prov.vic.gov.au/archive/A242B32A-F1DC-11E9-AE98-770CB87CB547.
Public Record Office Victoria, VA 2624 Master in Equity, Supreme Court (also known as Master in Equity and Lunacy 1867-1923), VPRS 28/P0003, 166/362 Probate and Administration Files, Wong Ying: Grant of administration, August 26, 1919, https://prov.vic.gov.au/archive/09C19E40-F22B-11E9-AE98-F56BE662BCF2.
Public Record Office Victoria, VA 2807 State Coroner’s Office, VPRS 24/P0000, 1950/964 Inquest Deposition Files, Elizabeth Ying: Inquest, August 2, 1950, personal digitised copy requested and received from PROV, record accessed at https://prov.vic.gov.au/archive/1344DD7F-F1B7-11E9-AE98-0F04BD8D0D57.
Unpublished manuscripts
Harrop, Frederick Bernard. “Harrop Family History: Introduction.” Unpublished manuscript, 1971. Typewritten on paper.
Harrop, Job and John Charles Harrop. “The Autobiography of Job Harrop: Little Job The Digger.” Edited by John Charles Harrop. Unpublished manuscript, ca. 1940. Typewritten on paper.
Harrop, John Charles. “Harrop Family History.” Unpublished manuscript, ca. 1940. Typewritten on paper.
Secondary Sources
Bagnall, Kate. “Chinese Australian families and the legacies of colonial naturalisation.” Paper presented at Australian Historical Association conference, Australian National University, Canberra, July 6, 2018. http://chineseaustralia.org/legacies-of-colonial-naturalisation/.
Bagnall, Kate, and Julia T. Martínez, eds. Locating Chinese women: historical mobility between China and Australia. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2021.
Cronin, Kathryn. Colonial Casualties: Chinese in Early Victoria. Carlton: Melbourne University Press, 1982.
Flett, James. Dunolly: Story of an Old Gold Diggings Town. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press, 1974.
Flett, James. Old Pubs, Inns, Taverns and Grog Houses on the Victorian Gold Diggings. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press, 1979.
Flett, James. The History of Gold Discovery in Victoria. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press, 1970.
Hess, Robert. “Sport and the Chinese: Case Studies from Australian Rules Football in Victoria, 1882-1938.” Sporting Traditions 26, no. 2 (November 2009): 31–48.
Kyi, Anna. ‘“The most determined, sustained diggers’ resistance campaign”: Chinese protests against the Victorian Government’s anti-Chinese legislation 1855-1862.’” Provenance: The Journal of Public Record Office Victoria 8 (2009): 16-28. https://prov.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/media/provenance2009_kyi.pdf.
Lovejoy, Valerie. “Chinese in Late Nineteenth-Century Bendigo: Their local and translocal lives in ‘this strangers' country.’” Australian Historical Studies 42, no. 1 (2011): 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461X.2010.539239.
Macgregor, Paul. “Dreams of Jade and Gold: Chinese families in Australia’s history.” In The Australian Family: Images and Essays, edited by Anna Epstein, 25-35. Melbourne: Scribe Publications, 1998. Excerpt accessed at https://cv.vic.gov.au/stories/immigrants-and-emigrants/chinese-australian-families/dreams-of-jade-and-gold/.
McConville, Chris, and Associates. Shire of Bet Bet Conservation Study: Volume One. Williamstown: Chris McConville & Associates, 1987. https://www.vgls.vic.gov.au/client/en_AU/search/asset/1287949/0.
McConville, Chris, and Associates. Shire of Bet Bet Conservation Study: Volume Two: Part One. Williamstown: Chris McConville & Associates, 1987. https://www.vgls.vic.gov.au/client/en_AU/search/asset/1287950/0.
Ngai, Mae M. “Chinese Miners, Headmen, and Protectors on the Victorian Goldfields, 1853–1863.” Australian Historical Studies 42, no. 1 (2011): 10-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461X.2010.542765.
Osborn, Betty. Against the Odds: Maryborough, 1905-1961. Maryborough: Central Goldfields Shire Council, 1995.
Phillips, Walter. “Seeking Souls in the Diggings: Christian Missions to the Chinese on the Victorian Goldfields.” Victorian Historical Journal 72, no. 1–2 (September 2001): 86–104. http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/permalink/f/1fe7t3h/SLV_ROSETTAIE7832434.
Rule, Pauline. “The Chinese camps in colonial Victoria: Their role as contact zones.” In After the Rush: Regulation, Participation and Chinese Communities in Australia 1860-1940, edited by Sophie Couchman, John Fitzgerald, and Paul Macgregor, 119-31. Kingsbury, Vic: Otherland Literary Journal, 2004.
Scates, Bruce. “Unemployment.” In The Oxford Companion to Australian History, edited by Graeme Davison, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre. Oxford University Press, 2001; online ed., 2003. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195515039.001.0001/acref-9780195515039-e-1492.
Shaoqing, Cai. “On the Overseas Secret Societies of Australia.” Translated by Duncan Campbell. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 4, no. 1 (June 2002): 30-45. https://www.nzasia.org.nz/uploads/1/3/2/1/132180707/caisahoqing.pdf.
State Library of Victoria. “Researching Your Victorian Ancestors: Immigration and Naturalisation.” State Library of Victoria Website. Accessed September 8, 2021. https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/victorianancestors/immigration.
Tully, John. “Tailings: Extracts from the Newsletter of Goldfields Historical & Arts Society Inc., Ah Chuey.” The Welcome Record 33, no. 1 (17 January 2018): 14. https://www.dunollynews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/TWR-Volume-33-Issue-1-17.1.18-INTERNET.pdf.
Tully, John. “Tailings: Extracts from the Newsletter of Goldfields Historical & Arts Society Inc., Dunolly Chinese Camp.” The Welcome Record 33, no. 43 (14 November 2018): 13. https://www.dunollynews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/INTERNET-TWR-Volume-33-Issue-43-14.11.18.pdf.
Tully, John. “Tailings: Extracts from the Newsletter of Goldfields Historical & Arts Society Inc., Dunolly Chinese Camp: East Side.” The Welcome Record 33, no. 45 (28 November 2018): 13. https://www.dunollynews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/INTERNET-TWR-Volume-33-Issue-45-28.11.18.pdf.
Tully, John. “Tailings: Extracts from the Newsletter of Goldfields Historical & Arts Society Inc., Sim Gwin.” The Welcome Record 33, no. 19 (23 May 2018): 18. https://www.dunollynews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/TWR-Volume-33-Issue-19-23.5.18_INTERNET.pdf.
Welch, Ian H. “Alien Son: The Life and Times of Cheok Hong Cheong, (Zhang Zhuoxiong) 1851-1928.” PhD diss., Australian National University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49261.
Welch, Ian H. “‘Our Neighbors but Not Our Countrymen’: Christianity and the Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Victoria (Australia) and California.” The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 13 (2004): 149–83. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23613281.
Welch, Ian H. “The Methodist Chinese Mission.” Department of Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University. Published 2010. http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/missionary-history-welch-methodist-chinese-mission-2010.pdf.
Images
Fig. 1. Wong Ying with his children Ivy Florence Ying, and William Henry Wong Ying and dog at the Terminus Hotel, Dunolly. ca. 1890–1892. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 2. Mullins, Amy. Map of Victoria with central goldfields towns. 2021. Digital image. Author’s personal creation. Melbourne.
Fig 3. Illustrated News of the World (London Illustrated News). The White Star New Zealand Clipper “Shalimar." 1859. Woodblock engraving on paper, 150 x 235mm. https://www.etsy.com/hk-en/listing/500616513/the-white-star-new-zealand-clipper.
Fig. 4. Victorian Patents Office. Dunolly Pioneers and Leading Residents (detail, Robert Ritchie). ca. 1895. Photograph, 22 x 30cm. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/53314.
Fig. 5. Maryborough and Dunolly Advertiser. William Harrop, Boot Maker Advertisement. August 22, 1864. Digital image of advertisement. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/253533903.
Fig. 6. Patterson, J. A. The Gold Fields of Victoria in 1862 (facsimile, detail). 1862. Digital image of facsimile. Deakin University. http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30122169.
Fig. 7. George, Hugh in The Australasian Sketcher. Our Chinamen. February 21, 1874. Print of wood engraving. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/295736.
Fig. 8. Marchand, Aimé. Wesleyan Methodist Church, Dunolly. 1866. Photograph. Dunolly Museum, Dunolly. https://dunollymuseumsite.wordpress.com/churches/.
Fig. 9. Willets, Ballarat. Wesleyan Chinese Mission Victoria montage (detail, Thomas Mak Quong). 1883. Photograph on paper. Museum of Chinese Australian History, Melbourne. https://www.chia.chinesemuseum.com.au/objects/D000923.htm.
Fig. 10. "Shane." William Harrop's gravestone. 2021. Digital photograph. Dunolly Cemetery, Dunolly. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/234551503/william-harrop.
Fig. 11. “Wayne.” Job Harrop’s gravestone. 2021. Digital photograph. Brighton General Cemetery, Caulfield South. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/215571489/job-harrop.
Fig. 12. Portrait of William Wong Ying (detail). n.d. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 13. Farr, Charlie. Portrait of Elizabeth Ying (detail). ca. 1880–1890. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 14. Farr, Charlie. William Henry Ying aged about 14 (detail). ca. 1890–1898. Photograph, 17 x 11cm on mount. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/44690.
Fig. 15. Portrait of Ivy Florence Wong Ying (detail). 1902. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 16. Golden Dragon Museum. Sun Kum Goon 新金源 store seal, Dunolly, ca. 1860. 2017. Photograph of store seal from personal collection of Edna Brownbill. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 17. Golden Dragon Museum. Personal stamp of Wong Ying, ca. 1860. 2017. Photograph of stamp from personal collection of Edna Brownbill. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 18. Mullins, Amy. Wong Ying’s Chinese abacus or suan pan held at the Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo, ca. 1860. 2021. Photograph. Personal collection.
Fig. 19. Jenkinson, G. H. Street view, possibly Broadway at Dunolly or at Burnt Creek now Bromley (detail). ca. 1861. Photograph, 12.1 x 16.6. cm. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/150991.
Fig. 20. Jenkinson, G. H. Street view, possibly Broadway at Dunolly or at Burnt Creek now Bromley (detail – modified). ca. 1861. Photograph, 12.1 x 16.6. cm. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/150991.
Fig. 21. Tully, John. Map of Dunolly’s Chinese Camp as at the 1880s. 2018. Digital image. The Welcome Record. https://www.dunollynews.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/INTERNET-TWR-Volume-33-Issue-43-14.11.18.pdf.
Fig. 22. Sandow, W. J. Dunolly Railway Station, Dunolly, Victoria. n.d. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 23. Chinese man outside the Terminus Hotel, Dunolly. ca. 1880–1897. Photograph. Dunolly Museum, Dunolly. https://victoriancollections.net.au/stories/many-roads-stories-of-the-chinese-on-the-goldfields/diverse-activities.
Fig. 24. Wong Ying with son William and daughter Ivy at the Terminus Hotel, Dunolly, Victoria. ca. 1890. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 25. Portrait of the Wong Ying family. ca. 1895. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 26. Ivy Ying at home. ca. 1900–1902. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 27. Farr, Charlie. William Henry Ying aged about 14. ca. 1890–1898. Photograph, 17 x 11cm on mount. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/44690.
Fig. 28. Mullins, Amy. Joss House shrine featuring Chinese warrior Guan Yu at the Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo. 2021. Photograph. Personal collection.
Fig. 29. Mullins, Amy. Joss House shrine featuring Chinese warrior Guan Yu at the Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo (detail). 2021. Photograph. Personal collection.
Fig. 30. Matt “mattinbgn.” Terminus Hotel. 2010. Photograph. Dunolly. https://www.flickr.com/photos/52846207@N04/4881651279.
Fig. 31. Portrait of Elizabeth Ying. ca. 1910. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 32. Edna Beryl Brownbill, granddaughter of Wong Ying, at her 70th birthday party (detail). 1993. Photograph. Golden Dragon Museum, Bendigo.
Fig. 33. "Shane." William Wong Ying and Elizabeth Ying’s gravestones. 2021. Photograph. Dunolly Cemetery, Dunolly. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/234570901/wong-ying/photo.